Vaginismus is the involuntary (not under the woman’s conscious control) clamping of the vaginal muscles. It is often described as a muscular spasm of the outer third of the vagina, causing sex to be painful or impossible. The women with vaginismus sometimes state this disorder as "aversion to sexual intercourse, to be afraid" and sometimes as "sexual pain disorder".

Vaginismus is divided into primary and secondary.

Primary vaginismus

A woman is said to have primary vaginismus when she is unable to have penetrative sex or experience vaginal penetration without pain. It is commonly discovered in teenage girls and women in their early twenties, as this is when many girls and young women in the Western world first attempt to use tampons, have penetrative sex, or undergo a Pap smear. Primary vaginismus is often idiopathic.

A few of the main factors that may contribute to primary vaginismus include:

  • urinary tract infections
  • vaginal yeast infections
  • sexual abuse, rape, other sexual assault, or attempted sexual abuse
  • stress
  • fear of pain associated with penetration

Symptoms of primary vaginismus according to the severity of the condition includes:

  • minor discomfort    
  • burning and tightness persist
  • painful entry and movement
  • impossible penetration

Secondary vaginismus

Secondary vaginismus occurs when a person who has previously been able to achieve penetration develops vaginismus. This may be due to physical causes such as a yeast infection or trauma during childbirth, while in some cases it may be due to psychological causes, or to a combination of causes.

Further factors that may contribute to either secondary or primary vaginismus include:

  • fear of losing control
  • not trusting one’s partner
  • self-consciousness about body image
  • misconceptions about sex or unattainable standards for sex from exaggerated sexual materials, such as pornography or abstinence
  • fear of vagina not being wide or deep enough / fear of partner’s penis being too large
  • undiscovered or denied sexuality (specifically, being asexual or lesbian)
  • undiscovered or denied feelings of being transgender (specifically, a trans man)

Uterine malformations

A uterine malformation is a type of female genital malformation resulting from an abnormal development of the Müllerian duct(s) (a basis genital parts of the female genital tract) during embryogenesis. Among uterine malformations include, for example, bicornuate uterus (a uterus that has two horns and a heart shape) and absent uterus. The most frequent symtomps of uterine malformation are chronic pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, infertility and other.

In case of Müllerian agenesis for example, when uterus is absent, the conception and in some cases, sexual intercourse is physically impossible.

Find more about related issues

Sources

Vaginismus ―sourced from World heritage encyclopedia licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0
Uterine malformation ―sourced from Wikipedia licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0
Vaginismus ―sourced from Queensland Government licensed under CC BY 3.0 AU
Agenesia_de_vagina2 ―sourced from Wikipedia licensed under CC BY-SA 2.5
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